Monday, 19 August 2019

How to write a team meeting agenda

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Going into a project management meeting with no agenda is a recipe for failure! An agenda sets the tone of a meeting by identifying the meeting’s purpose and outlining its objectives. The objectives may include a status update from team members or focusing on milestones and deadlines that are due.

Why do you need a meeting agenda?


Without an agenda, people might think the meeting is just a box-ticking exercise. Creating an agenda ensures every important question gets answered and meetings don’t drag on for hours.

With an agenda, attendees can coordinate with each other and work more in sync. Coordinated project meetings provide other team members with updates and can resolve issues affecting their work.

It also means meetings are only as long as they need to be. Focused meetings are part of fostering a focused project team. They’ll be much more likely to start on time and finish by the deadline when status update meetings follow an agenda.

Certain issues will arise during a discussion that weren’t on the agenda. However, with an agenda in place, those issues won’t become the sole focus of the meeting. If further discussion is needed on the problem, the project manager is then able to either schedule a meeting to specifically discuss that issue, or add it to the next agenda for a status update.

12 tips for preparing a team meeting agenda


1. Define the goal or goals of the meeting. Specify its purpose and expected outcomes. This gives team members a clear understanding for the meeting, keeps everyone focused and ultimately improves efficiency.

2. Always make sure that the agenda is distributed to everyone who’s invited a few days before the date of the meeting. This allows team members to prepare their answers, and any questions they have.

3. Make sure any work required before the meeting is specified on the agenda. Team members might need to gather specific documentation, read up on a subject or analyse data to be informed during the meeting. In addition, if there are any relevant documents that attendees need at the meeting, attach them to the agenda when it’s distributed.

4. Invite input from team members. Ask them to make any topic suggestions or elaborate on agenda items – you can’t think of everything all the time!

5. Pose the agenda topics as questions for the team to answer. This establishes that while there is discussion, a decision needs to be made. Then set a process, a set of steps, which can be followed for each agenda item. This will keep everyone focused.

6. Don’t include too many topics on the agenda. The meeting is likely to overrun or certain topics won’t get discussed. Focus the agenda on what didn’t get done, discussing why it happened and how it impacts the project.

7. Invite the right people. Make sure everyone who’s needed at the meeting is invited and identified on the agenda. Only invite the people who need to be there. To that end, ensure all the items on the agenda affect the whole team.

8. Not every agenda item will be led by the project manager, so ensure whoever leads that discussion is noted on the agenda. Sometimes, the whole agenda is led by someone other than the project manager. This leads us to the next point.

9. Rotate the role of creating agendas. It’s usually the project manager’s job to create an agenda and distribute it to attendees before the meeting. However, rotating this job to other team members is particularly useful when the project is at least halfway to completion.

10. Allow sufficient time for each agenda item. For example, if the meeting is an hour long and there are 5 items on the agenda, allow approximately 10-12 minutes per agenda item to keep the meeting on track.

11. Always leave room for Any Other Business (AOB) topics at the end of the meeting. Unexpected items or issues often arise. If this isn’t possible, decide to hold off-topic discussions at a later date.

12. For meetings that occur regularly, divide the agenda into segments. Each segment may have its own separate agenda, i.e. action items, information items and forward planning items.

Typical project management meeting agenda sample


Meeting title – make sure it’s concise but has enough information to tell team members what the meeting is about.

Meeting date, location and time – if the meeting is taking place in a particular room, make sure this is included, particularly if it’s not taking place in a regular location.

Team members required to attend – add the team members requested to join the meeting. Ensure that only the people who need to attend are invited.

Meeting overview – this is a broad description of the meeting’s purpose, plus outcomes expected from the discussions.

Minutes from the last meeting – review, adjust if necessary, and approve the previous meeting’s minutes.

Agenda 1: news and updates – this will include the team’s status and any new external issues that may affect the project.

Agenda 2+: main points – pose the topics as questions for the team to answer and allocate tasks based on their answers. Use this opportunity to review progress on action items, plans and commitments.

AOB (Any Other Business) – it’s at this point that any other questions or topics may be raised.

Wrap up – confirm the agreements made during the meeting and set a date for the next meeting.

Daily Scrum sample


Made for agile teams, this template is a lot simpler than the previous one. It’s updated every day in 15 minute stand-up meetings.

1. What have you done since yesterday? 2. What are you planning on doing today?  3. Any impediments/stumbling blocks 

While there are variants on these questions, this information is essentially what each team member has to provide, but keep a time limit on the answers!

If you’re using a project management tool, and you should be, make sure it’s visible throughout the Daily Scrum. For example, use a Kanban board or have the project management software displayed on a big screen. It’s important that all team members can see progress, milestones and deadlines, and what’s been completed.

Following this advice can break the habit of having a ‘meeting for a meeting’s sake’. You can even combine the use of both templates on this page, with regular status update meetings once a month and Scrum stand-up meetings every day. This will help you maximise team communication and keep the project on track.

Friday, 16 August 2019

Learn the Secrets to Passing Your PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam with Flying Colours

About PRINCE2 Practitioner Certification

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PRINCE2 Practitioner Certification is the advanced level of certification that proves enough understanding of how to tailor and implement PRINCE2 in a project.

To get PRINCE2 Practitioner Certification, you have to show that you have the competencies required for the PRINCE2 Foundation certification. You can apply this knowledge and tailor PRINCE2 to address the issues and requirements of a specific project scenario.

A successful candidate should, therefore, be able to use the PRINCE2 methodology within a real project with proper support. Nevertheless, this is not to say that he is skilled enough to do so appropriately for all types of projects.

In this sense, an essential role in the effect of PRINCE2 Practitioners is played by their individual project management experience, by the complication of the project at hand, and by the degree to which the environment in which they work gives.

The PRINCE2 Practitioner qualification is focused on Project Managers and ambitious Project Managers. Other classes, this qualification is relevant to include Project Board members, Project Support, Team Managers, Project Assurance, and Operational Line Managers and staff.

To take the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam, you want to have a minimum one of the following certifications:
  • IPMA Level A (Certified Projects Director)
  • IPMA Level B (Certified Senior Project Manager)
  • IPMA Level C (Certified Project Manager)
  • IPMA Level D (Certified Project Management Associate)

PRINCE2 is one of the most frequently performed project management methodologies in the world. Obtaining a certificate confirming your expertise in this methodology may significantly facilitate the development of your professional career, as well as display a pass to your dream job.

Straight majority of recruitment adverts for a project manager has a certificate allowed by one of the three foremost institutions creating project management methodologies in the expected or other skills fields. By far, PRINCE2 is the most successful methodology in Poland.

Unlike the residual methods, in this case, a candidate for the certificate is not needed to have earlier practical experience in project management.

The Practitioner exam can be attended only by holders of the PRINCE2 Foundation certificate. The PRINCE2 Practitioner certificate is proof of the experience to use principles of methodology in practice, and the capacity to adapt to the facts of a project appropriately.

The Practitioner level is given to Project Managers and people accountable for implementing PRINCE2 in their organization. It is not required to own experience in project management before the exam.

It is worth recognizing that the exam tests our knowledge of methodology and its deep understanding. That is why it is important to answer those questions according to newly gained knowledge from the handbook, not based on your own experience from the development of various projects.

This PRINCE2 Practitioner certificate is granted for five years, and its efficacy should be prolonged between 3-5 years after the last exam. Recertification has a form of a test that lasts 1 hour and is composed of 3 blocks of questions, ten questions each.

How to Prepare to the PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam?

Before taking the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam, a candidate has to pass the Foundation one. It means that we are familiar with the theoretical essentials. If you have any queries or any of the features of the methodology is not clear, then you should go back to the manual and read a given chapter once again.

In case the Foundation exam was more than a month ago, I suggest reading the complete handbook one more time to refresh your knowledge of the theoretical essentials.

The Practitioner exam has a form of an open book, and it means that during the exam, we can only use the official PRINCE2 handbook.

Learning for Prince2 Practitioner exam is instead a marathon than a short time practice, and you should plan 1 to 6 months for this tough journey to work hard and get well prepared.

In comparison with the Prince2 Foundation exam, for which it is sufficient to dedicate only 1 to 2 weeks of study and practice online exams, the Practitioner requires your full attention of the content. It needs discipline. Unless you have the discipline, you can forget about passing the exam.

Your goal is not to take your exam, and you aim to use the knowledge and skills from this experience in your next project, career, or at work.

The PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam Summary

  • Exam Name and Code: PRINCE2 Practitioner
  • PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam Cost: USD 200
  • Time Duration: 150 Minutes
  • Number of Questions: 68
  • Passing Score: 55
  • Format: Multiple Choice

During the exam, we get three kinds of documents, such as a scenario explaining a case study, a list of questions, and an answer sheet.

The scenario presents an organization, which earns a given project, the business case of this project, the primary and additional objectives, as well as the required results of the project.

A scenario folder also comprises additional information for one or more questions. Further information is used only in case of problems where it is meant in bold, in a given question. PRINCE2 Practitioner Questions that don’t have a specific instruction to use the additional information can be formed in such a way that the use of the notes will result in giving a wrong answer.

A folder with questions comprises eight questions of various fields of the methodology. Each block of questions covers ten more particular ones, as well as information that shows a given area of knowledge.

A correct answer for each question results in 1 point. A maximal number of points to get is 80, whereas the minimal value providing you to pass the exam comprises 55% of correct answers, i.e., 44 points.

Tips for Preparing the PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam

1. Refer Your Handbook

The PRINCE2 Practitioner exam is an open book examination – you can refer you are tabbed, explained, and highlighted handbook but no other notes. Be assured that you want to be referencing your book, not reading your manual during the exam. Eight questions in 2.5 hours mean you cannot afford to waste time on randomly browsing for the answers in the text. Know where to go in the book if you want to check something.

Avoid being over-enthusiastic with your tabs. At a minimum, know how to reference:
  • Appendix A – Management products
  • Appendix C – Roles
  • 7 Processes
  • 7 Themes
Getting to these sections soon will allow you to maneuver around the text and check any more excellent points!

2. Perform the PRINCE2 Practitioner Practice Questions

Like all examinations, PRINCE2 needs the candidate to have a clear understanding of the topic and syllabus. The practice questions are there for precisely that – to help you practice applying PRINCE2 to a scenario.
Practitioner requires you not only to understand the base theory of PRINCE2 but how it can be used and tailored in different circumstances. Watch out that you are using PRINCE2 to a presented case study – work out what is in the field of the project or stage and what is not, otherwise you may answer incorrectly.

3. Take Breaks

Allow yourself to take breaks when you are exhausted. It is more effective to take 1or 2 days to break if you are tired. Keep in mind everything that you study, and you should do it with joy or not do it at all!

Otherwise, you will not be able to focus, and after a few hours, you cannot get what you have read.

4. Manage Your Time during the PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam

Be aware that you aim to adequately complete all eight questions, including all parts a total of 80 line items in 2.5 hours. Think to apply the 15-minute ruling to a question; this enables you to end overall of 25 minutes typically time required to review the additional information or spend a few more moments on that tricky part C question!

Those candidates who regularly pass have attempted all questions – do not just do your favorite topics.

5. Read the PRINCE2 Practitioner Question

PRINCE2 is a methodology that requires to be applied adequately given the circumstances withdraw any absolute answers unless it is a neat question and select answers that can be described as generally/typically.

Get the exam technique of process of elimination you should be prepared to reduce the “Non-PRINCE2” answers and concentrate on studying for the best PRINCE2 answer given the scenario.

6. Remember It Is a PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam

Answer by PRINCE2 – not what your current workplace project management program may recommend. Remember that you may be currently studying project management outside of the exam room, but what you would typically do is not indeed the PRINCE2 way.

7. The Day before the PRINCE2 Practitioner Exam

Try to finish your recap before 6 p.m. Your brain wants to relax and allow your mind to be sharp to give the maximum effect on the day of the exam. If you are too tired on the day of the exam, you might not get the information that you know.

I recommend you to go for a walk or watch some funny videos. You aim to use the knowledge you obtained during these weeks or months.

8. The Day of the PRINCE2 Practitioner Certification Exam

Surrender your purpose with success and believe yourself already passing the exam. Being patient and having a positive attitude towards the exam already guarantee you 20% of the exam.

You are only provided with the official Manual - Managing Successful Projects with Prince2 by Axelos, A4 white papers, pencils, and water.

Sadly, you are not allowed to use a printer to print your business case. Don’t worry! You are not permitted to talk during the exam.

The exam takes 150 minutes. If your native language is not English, you are allowed 30 minutes more. There are plenty of time at least 3 minutes per question, and you also have time to recheck your answers at the end.

Do not change your answer after finishing the exam; it can be tricky! I understand you might be motivated to change your answers because you get insecure. After two hours of the exam, you are already tired, so you can instead go wrong.

10. Answer Sheet

An answer sheet is the only place where you can mark your answers for every question. It is essential to mark one answer for each question unless the instruction indicates otherwise. In case we mark more than one correct answer, and guidance in a question does not expressly state that we should take more answers, the question would not be approved.
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Other Tips

#1. Answer on an Answer Sheet:

Remember to mark your answers on a dedicated sheet of paper. Answers marked on a question sheet won’t be approved.

#2. Use an Addition to Relevant Questions:

Use additional information only regarding the questions with appropriate instruction.

#3. Practice, Practice, and Practice:

Perform as many PRINCE2 Practitioner Online practice tests as possible.

#4. Do Time Management:

Less than 2 minutes for each question. Questions such as Statement may be time-consuming.

#5. Mark Answers Correctly:

Remember to mark at least 80% of the square outside next to the answer and don’t go beyond edges of the square.

#6. Get Some Quality Sleep:

The PRINCE2 Practitioner exam is very demanding. You will require a rested mind and right concentration.

Good Luck...!

Wednesday, 14 August 2019

Thinking Outside the Boxplot

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Most Lean Six Sigma practitioners rely on the use of summary statistics (mean or average) to analyze performance and report the results. I have been trapped in this convention for quite a long time, too. However, using this conventional path takes away insights that are useful in our analysis and decision-making.

Daily Performance Example


Let’s take an example. Say I pull output data of an HGA assembly line (a semiconductor assembly process) and take the average to represent the daily performance. The calculated average is 29.4 KHGA. Comparing it with the target of 31 KHGA, I conclude that we have a problem of not meeting the requirement. However, plotting the same data set using a box plot might give another perspective.

Let’s set this aside and review some basic concepts about the box plot before we proceed.

What Does a Box Plot Look Like?


Figure 1 shows the anatomy of a box plot. This graphical technique is based on the principle of quartiles. A quartile divides the whole data set into four equal parts (first to fourth quartile, Q). The second quartile, or Q2, is also the median and serves as the basis of the central tendency for a box plot. Half of the data points fall below the value of Q2 and the other half above that value. The same logic applies for the rest of the quartiles.

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Figure 1: Anatomy of a Box Plot

The IQR (interquartile range) is the measure of dispersion for a box plot and is also used to determine the endpoints of the upper and lower whiskers. The upper and lower whiskers are calculated by adding 1.5 of the height of the IQR to Q3 and Q1, respectively. Any points that fall outside these whiskers are considered to be outliers.

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Figure 2: Box Plot of Line Output

How Do You Think Outside the Box Plot?


One good thing about the box plot is that it provides a quick snapshot of the distribution of the data and in a glance can provide insights about the data’s central tendency and dispersion.

Fundamentally, a box plot is used for two common reasons:

1. To see the distribution of a data set for baselining and/or target setting

2. To compare the distribution of data sets across a given category

Let’s apply the first reason and create a box plot to the HGA assembly line output data. Remember, in the example the average line output is 29.5 KHA.

Using the generated box plot in Figure 2, we can gain more insights compared to using a summary statistic (mean). Q1 is at 29.1 KHGA, which means that around three-fourths of the plotted data points are already meeting the required target. Our Q3 is at 31.3 KHGA which means that one-fourth of the data points are already demonstrating the 31 KHGA line target. We can also see several outliers extending up to the ~21 KHGA region. By looking at the mean alone, we will not have a grasp of this information. 

Now, say we are asked how ready we are with the 31 KHGA requirement. We cannot answer readily with some summary statistic; we need to consult the distribution of the data set. With the box plot result, the insight can be compared to the baseline – that is, one-fourth of the data points already hitting the target; thus, the 31KHGA target is feasible.

Let’s apply reason 2 to the same data set, but this time looking on a daily basis.

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Figure 3: Box Plot of Line Output – Daily

Looking at the box plot in Figure 3, you can see that the line output varies from day to day. Outliers are present daily and could trigger questions like:

◈ What causes the variation seen on a daily basis?

◈ Are the outliers from the same line?

◈ What are the conditions that are present/existing when the line achieved the target output?

By answering these questions, you can understand the variation between groups and take actions to reduce it and optimize performance.

Context Is Everything


Context is everything – especially in statistics or data analysis. Box plots can be useful in understanding data in terms of the central tendency and spread. Its applications will vary depending on your creativity to do so. It will not be the graphical tool for all requirements, but keep it handy in your toolbox and consider when it may be of use.

Monday, 12 August 2019

Use the Value Index to Prioritize Project Efforts

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This article proposes a method to fairly assess the value of a solution concept or even a project. Most improvement work has multiple voices that must be assessed:

◈ Voice of the customer (VOC)
◈ Voice of the process (VOP)
◈ Voice of the business (VOB)

The value index is a method to combine these voices to aid in decision-making – it’s another tool to have in your improvement toolbox. The value index blends concepts that most improvement professionals are already familiar with:

◈ Process capability
◈ Taguchi Loss Function
◈ Cost of tolerance
◈ Cost of implementation

Admittedly, in many projects the value is obvious, but – in those situations when it isn’t obvious – the value index can be used as a tool to prioritize efforts as well as measure optimization between performance, quality and costs.

Process Capability (Quality)


Process capability, from a conceptual view, is a measure of the relationship between VOP and VOC. It is a ratio of customer requirement (specification) and the process variation.

Process capability expresses how well a process performs relative to the VOC; it’s a prediction of how well a process will meet customer requirements in the future. A capable process is one where almost all measurements of a feature produced by the process fall inside specification limits.

The customer expects all samples to fit inside the specification limits and that the process is reasonably centered in the specification range. But not all processes are centered on the target value, which must be taken into account.

For a process:

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Process capability expresses how well a process performs relative to the VOC; it’s a prediction of how well a process will meet customer requirements in the future. A capable process is one where almost all measurements of a feature produced by the process fall inside specification limits.

The customer expects all samples to fit inside the specification limits and that the process is reasonably centered in the specification range. But not all processes are centered on the target value, which must be taken into account.

For a process:

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The standard deviation is the average spread of the data about the mean. Note that USL and LSL are the points at which the customer is no longer satisfied. This view allows the concept to be applied to transactional process performance, too.

This concept assumes that a part A just under the specification is as valuable as a part at target, while a part just outside the specification is of no value. In actuality, however, the part closer to target is of highest value as downstream sub-systems, parts and features do not need to be tolerant to the extra variation of part A. The part just inside the specification and the part just outside the specification have a trivial difference in value.

Voice of the Business (Cost-Benefit)


A missing element in the assessment of process capability is VOB. Even though employees might be passionate about solving problems, making improvements and helping people be better at what they do – and find that rewarding – they work for a paycheck/benefits. Likewise, the companies themselves are in business to make money and reward shareholders. Even not-for-profit organizations need to be good stewards of money. In evaluation of solution concepts, VOB must be assessed.

It is possible to maximize either Cpk or sigma level (Z score), but if doing that has an astronomical cost, the VOB is low. Conversely, if cost is minimized, customers would be dissatisfied and would have poor value. The minimal cost would be to produce nothing, which is minimum value. Cost and quality are not independent.

To maximize long-term value, it is necessary to simultaneously minimize process variation, the difference from process average, and the target value and minimize overall cost. Value combines VOP, VOC and VOB, which can be simplified to the most benefit per dollar. This high-level concept can lead to a value index.

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Taguchi Loss Function


The Taguchi Loss Function is a way to assess the cost of performance relative to the customer’s target. The Taguchi Loss Function explains that as parts or services deviate from the target, the value of the part or service is diminished. The downstream process or customer must be tolerant of the deviation from the target. Taguchi calls this loss to society.

For product and or process response outputs, there is a Loss Function. The Loss Function is developed on the principles:

1. Loss is minimum at the target value.
2. Loss increases as the value varies from the target.

The loss function is an approximation of a Taylor series expansion around the target, τ. It should be noted that κ is a function of financial importance. If X is a feature that affects the function (life and death) of a heart-lung machine, for example, the value of κ would become large.

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Figure 1: Taguchi’s Nominal the Best Loss Function

When the Loss Function is overlaid with the process distribution, it is easy to see why the centering of the process around the customer’s target value and minimizing the deviation about the process mean is concerning. As the spread (σ2) increases, the loss increases. And as the mean of the process moves from the target (τ), loss increases.

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Figure 2: Expected Loss or Average Loss

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Pulling It All Together


Performance is the distance that the process average is from the target value: Six Sigma Tutorial and Material, Six Sigma Learning, Six Sigma Study Materials, Six Sigma Online Exam

The goal is to minimize the distance, which can be expressed as Six Sigma Tutorial and Material, Six Sigma Learning, Six Sigma Study Materials, Six Sigma Online Exam

The quality portion can be expressed as variation about the mean, which is variance, σ2. This should be minimized, too: Six Sigma Tutorial and Material, Six Sigma Learning, Six Sigma Study Materials, Six Sigma Online Exam

To get to value, cost must be included. Try using total lifecycle cost including bill of materials cost, process cost, capital cost, scrap cost, warranty cost, etc. As the tolerance range gets smaller, there is a greater need to be near the target with smaller variation. Of course, don’t forget to adjust for implementation cost. After some algebraic manipulation, a the-larger-the-better index is revealed.

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Notice the mean standard deviation (τ) is under the radical so it is in natural units; value is in terms of dollars per mean deviation from target value while costs are per unit. If a feature that has a target of 100 is simulated, X distributes normally, costs distribute normally and sigma follows a chi-square distribution. For simplicity, the tolerance range is at 1 and IC is at 0. The best values are near the target but not the nearest to the target. The highest value isn’t the lowest cost nor is highest value at minimum variation.

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Figure 3: Scatterplot of Value vs. X-Bar

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Figure 4: Scatterplot of Value vs. Sigma

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Figure 5: Scatterplot of Value vs. Cost

The same data with different tolerance ranges verifies that as the tolerance gets smaller, the value to reduce variation and center increases.

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Figure 6: Value Index by Tolerance Range

The value index can be used for other kinds of data that might be found in an improvement project by substituting estimates of central tendency and variation for the associated distribution. For example, if you are dealing with rates the data will most likely follow a binomial distribution, the value index then becomes:

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When dealing with counts, the value index becomes:

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The value index can allow fair comparisons across project outcomes or potential project outcomes. It could be used as a criterion in your solution selection as the value index fairly assesses benefit and cost with additional considerations of risk and time. The value index could be used as a tool to prioritize efforts as well as measuring optimization between performance, quality and costs.

In terms of per unit costs, it is possible to compare across projects by multiplying the value index by volume. This could help prioritize implementation of proposed improvements as there are always limited funds.

Friday, 9 August 2019

What is the Cost of Attaining the PMP Certification?

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Attaining the Project Management Professional (PMP) certification is not easy. It will take your time, effort and money. The outlay cost is considerable, and there are many hidden expenses.

For ease of discussion, I will group the cost required for the PMP exam into three categories:

◈ Fixed Cost
◈ Variable Cost
◈ Other Costs

The expenses involved in acquiring this certification will vary from person to person, depending on their situation and requirements.

Fixed Cost


The PMP exam fee is 555 USD for the first attempt. If you do not pass, then you are allowed two more attempts during your one year eligibility period, at the cost of 375 USD for each attempt.

However, if you are a Project Manager Institute (PMI) member, the initial exam fee is only 405 USD, and only 275 USD for any retesting.

A new PMI membership is currently 139 USD with a yearly renewal fee of 129 USD.

I recommend you join the PMI before applying for the PMP, since the discounted exam fee is greater than the cost of PMI membership.

Cost Required: 405-555 USD

Variable Cost


The cost of PMP training is highly variable. There are several options available from many training providers, including online, virtual, and classroom training.

Online training is the most affordable, with costs starting at 150 USD. Classroom training programs are the most expensive and start at 1,000 USD. In between those two, you’ll find the price of live virtual training

Cost Required: 150-1,000+ USD

Other Costs


Here I will cover optional expenses that may arise, depending on how you approach studying for your exam.

Some training programs will provide you with study notes and practice questions, but most of the time you will have to buy your own or supplement the materials you’re given. These costs include:

◈ Cost of books
◈ Cost of sample questions
◈ Cost of PMI membership
◈ Cost of other tools

Cost of Books


For PMP exam preparation, I recommend you buy at least two good PMP exam reference books, in addition to the Project Management Body Of Knowledge Guide (PMBOK).

If you are a PMI member, you can download a digital copy of the PMBOK Guide for free. Non-members will have to purchase it.

Cost Required: 100-180 USD

Cost of Sample Questions


The PMP exam consists of two-hundred questions, which have to be completed within four hours. This is no easy feat and you will need a lot of practice.

You can get additional practice by subscribing to some simulators, buying question banks, and checking your readiness by using mock tests.

Cost Required: 50-150 USD

PMI Membership Cost


As I recommended earlier, you will recoup the 139 USD spent on a PMI membership on the exam fee alone. The free digital copy of the PMBOK Guide only adds to your incentives.

Cost of Other Tools


These are some additional tools and books available as study support materials that will ease your PMP exam preparation and leave you better armed for the exam.

One good example of study support materials is ‘The PMP Exam Preparation Tool’ which contains study notes, flashcards, true/false statements, the Formula Guide, practice questions, and many more resources.

Cost required: 50 -100 USD

Total Cost for the PMP Certification


The costs associated with the PMP Certification Exam is as follows:

PMP Certification, PMI Project Management Exam Questions, PMI Project Management Question Bank, PMI Project Management Questions, PMI Project Management Test Questions, PMI Project Management Study Guide, PMI PMP Quiz, PMI PMP Exam, PMP, PMP Question Bank, PMP Questions, PMP Body of Knowledge (BOK), PMP Practice Test, PMP Study Guide Material, PMP Sample Exam, Project Management, Project Management Certification, Project Management Professional, PMBOK Guide Sixth Edition
Note: I have not added the “Cost of Other Tools” to the minimum cost listed above, because you may or may not decide to purchase these materials. They are useful, but not necessary for PMP exam preparation.

So, you can see that the total cost required for the PMP exam certification can vary between 844 USD and 1,715 USD or more.

The costs stay low if you go for an online program but it increases significantly if you opt for a classroom or live virtual training.

Please note, in my calculations I did not add the cost of staying in a hotel, transportation, food, or other expenses associated with traveling to a classroom training program in another city.

Wednesday, 7 August 2019

Agile Foundation and Practitioner Certifications Reviewed


Agile is one of many project management methodologies, with certifications that include Agile Foundation and Agile Practitioner. The Foundation certification is the first step, while the Practitioner certification is the second step towards being Agile certified. Let us start by looking at how Agile relates to project management and some of the more traditional approaches project management contains.

Agile Project Management Overview


A traditional Project Manager is seen as someone who is involved in directing work-flow by instructing their team on what needs to be done. A specific, detailed plan for each step of the project is created by the Project Manager. An approach that is associated with traditional project management is known as the waterfall model.


The waterfall model favours projects with clear requirements and the creation of an upfront master plan. It assumes that every requirement of the project can be identified before the project commences. It is an approach where progress is seen flowing steadily downwards through the sequential phases. One phase must be completed before proceeding to the next. Once the testing stage has been reached, it is very difficult, costly and perhaps even impossible to go back and change something that was possibly not well thought-out in a previous stage of the process.


The Agile approach focuses on complex projects with unclear and changing requirements. The project begins with a simplistic design and is then shaped by short development cycles that allow the overall project design to change when the need arises. Agile follows an incremental approach which delivers value to the customer in frequent iterations or ‘sprints’. These iterations lend to customer feedback which often results in products that are relevant and up to date. Unlike the waterfall approach, Agile assesses the project throughout and is considered to be more flexible to change.

Agile Methodology Overview

◈ Dynamic Systems Development Ltd
◈ Embraces change
◈ Cyclical flow
◈ Empirical Control Method

Agile Project Management (Agile PM) is a registered trademark of Dynamic Systems Development Ltd. It is a project management method that embraces change and focuses on collaboration and interaction. It started with the need to drive innovation in every part of the business as an alternative to traditional project management.

What is Agile Video


Credit: https://twitter.com/MEAgile

This cyclical flow encourages flexibility and constant feedback. It does this by breaking up the project into increments that are done in iterations or ‘sprints’ which allow for feedback at the end of each sprint or short time frame – usually 2 to 4 weeks. The Agile method is characterised by workers who are organised into small groups and given a short span of time to complete their tasks as opposed to workers in the traditional approach, who are given deadlines that are months apart with little opportunity for constructive feedback during the project.

An example of how Agile can be implemented is seen in software development, where an empirical control method can be used. This method requires observing realities in the project and then making decisions based on what has been observed. It requires:

◈ Transparency – everyone knows the progress of the project
◈ Inspection – frequent regulation of the project
◈ Adaptation – inspection may show the need for change, which allows for quick adaptations

It’s important to note that Agile is not only for the IT field. It can be used in almost every part of the business model, some people even manage to incorporate Agile concepts into their personal lives. Agile is for anyone with a desire for leadership and innovation.

Now that we understand Agile’s place in the field of project management, let us look at the first two steps of becoming Agile certified.

Agile Project Management Training Levels


Agile Foundation and Practitioner Certifications

The Agile Foundation and Agile Practitioner are the first two steps towards becoming Agile certified. The Agile Foundation is the entry-level certification while Agile Practitioner is the subsequent step after gaining your Foundation certificate. While the two courses may be booked as a single unit it is, however, important to note that the Agile Practitioner certification has different requirements than the Foundation certification. If you do not meet the requirements for the Agile Practitioner certification, it is possible to complete it at a later stage.

Agile Foundation Certification (Level 1)

The Agile Foundation is the first level of training in Agile which outlines the core principles that are needed to facilitate a successful project. This course introduces students to the fundamentals of the Agile approach.

Who is this for?

It is aimed at Business and IT professionals who have a desire to learn and apply Agile practices. This can include aspiring Project Managers, Project Coordinators or even aspiring Project Planners.

Where can I receive training?

There are various training providers, however, it is important to select an accredited training provider whether it be in a classroom setting or with an online training provider.

What are the topics that are covered in the course?

The course curriculum covers:

1. History, Philosophy and Principles
2. Roles and Responsibilities
3. The Atern Lifecycle and Products
4. Techniques
5. Planning and Control
6. Quality, Risk and Estimating
7. Implementing Agile PM
8. What is the exam format?

The exam is 40min long with a multiple-choice format, which consists of 50 questions. The pass mark is 50% and it is a closed-book exam.

Where can I take the exam?

The exam can be completed online, with a training provider or at a public exam venue.

What is the next step?

Once you have passed Agile Foundation you will then qualify for the Agile Practitioner course.

Agile Practitioner Certification (Level 2)

The Agile Practitioner certification focuses on the application of Agile solutions. It validates the practitioner’s ability to understand and apply Agile practices and principles on projects. As this certification is not only exam-based, it can be seen as a recognised way for Project Managers to demonstrate their experience and professional versatility.

Who is this for?

Agile Practitioner is for those who have project management experience and have passed the Agile Foundation exam. This is for anyone who is involved or will be involved in a project that requires an Agile approach to practices in the business. This can include Marketing Managers, Business Analysts as well as Product Managers

Where can I receive training?

There are various training providers, however, it is important to select an accredited training provider whether it be in a classroom setting or with an online platform.

What are the topics that are covered in the course?

The layout of this course focuses more on the application of learned knowledge hence the topics will be covered by looking at case studies, theory and activities. The course curriculum covers:

1. Introduction
2. People and Roles – Overview
3. Techniques – Overview
4. Control – Overview
5. Lifecycle and Objectives

What is the exam format?

50% of the exam will cover Agile tools and techniques while the other 50% will cover Agile knowledge and skills. You will be given 2.5 hours to complete the objective testing-based exam with a format that comprises of 4 scenario questions which are each worth 20 marks. This exam is open-book, however, you will only be permitted to use the official Agile manual to assist you during the exam. The pass mark is the same as the Foundation exam, being 50%.

Where can I take the exam?

The exam can be completed online via a proctor service, or with an accredited training provider.

Wrapping it all up


By the end of the Agile Foundation and Agile Practitioner courses you should be able to not only understand, but implement Agile methods to increase productivity and deliver value to customers. These courses give students the ability to put theory into practice and provides them with a greater level of knowledge of the Agile approach.

The pros of implementing Agile methodologies into workplace practices and projects can benefit both the individual members of the team and the organisation as a whole.

The individual members of the team benefit by being able to deliver small amounts of work in a short space of time which makes deadlines seem less daunting and stressful. By delivering bite size chunks, their work can be guided in the right direction. This keeps the project relevant to the client’s needs instead of failing at the end of the project. By focusing on collaboration and interaction, individuals are part of the project and have the opportunity to be self-organised instead of micro-managed.

The organisation benefits in the success of the project too. By implementing Agile into project management practices it is proven to have increased the success of products and services by delivering value to the customer. Agile allows for problems to be dealt with immediately, which saves time and money in the long term. Projects with a high success rate can often be due to constant feedback and accountability, which drives innovation and ensures value is delivered. Therefore, completing the Agile Foundation and Agile Practitioner certifications is beneficial not only to the employee, but also to the organisation as a whole.